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Overview on Immigration IssuesImmigrant workers in the United States face numerous challenges, including low-paying jobs, discrimination, exploitation, inadequate access to social services, and limited legal rights. Free trade policies exacerbate these problems in several ways by increasing the pressure to migrate and by adversely affecting both immigration law and the political rights of immigrants.
Free trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), lead to massive increases in immigration. Under these policies, small businesses, independent farms, and craftspeople are pushed out of markets by multinational corporations and giant agribusinesses. When small businesses close and farmers are driven off their land, unemployment and poverty skyrocket. Because the export-oriented economies sustained by free trade agreements fail to create enough new jobs to replace all those that are eliminated, migration increases as people search for new means of employment. Between 1996 and 2000, as the effects of NAFTA were manifested, the Mexican peso was devalued, land reforms were curbed, and the number of undocumented Mexican immigrants in the US nearly doubled.
A large surge in immigration such as that often leads to responses in the form of changed immigration law. Such was the case under NAFTA. Beginning in early 1994, the militarization of the US-Mexico border increased. In November 1994, California passed Proposition 187, which denied education and health care to undocumented immigrants and their children. Then, in 1996, Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, which made it more difficult for people to immigrate to the US, while making it far easier for the INS to deport immigrants, even those who are legal permanent residents.
Recent free trade agreements have directly dictated changes in immigration policy, even without substantial congressional input or public debate. The US-Chile and US-Singapore Free Trade Agreements set a dangerous precedent by establishing new immigration policies regarding temporary entry visas embedded in the free trade agreements rather than subject to normal Congressional debate and annual review. If jurisdiction over immigration policy is expanded to other free trade agreements, such as the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) and the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), there could be disastrous effects on immigrants’ rights and working conditions for immigrant and nonimmigrant workers in the US.
Finally, since many immigrants work in low-paying jobs with few benefits or protections, they are often more susceptible than other groups to job insecurity and trade-related job loss. Efforts by immigrant and nonimmigrant workers to bargain collectively for better wages or conditions have been undermined by free trade policies, since employers can threaten to move production overseas where cheap labor is readily available. NAFTA and other recent free trade agreements fail to protect workers against this type of union busting. Furthermore, as job insecurity rises and jobs move to the next cheapest labor source, immigrants are oftentimes unfairly targeted as scapegoats for economic uncertainty. The resulting tension between immigrant and nonimmigrant workers obscures the real problem of free trade and immigration: a model of free trade policies that undermines working conditions and quality of life for immigrant and nonimmigrant working people around the globe.
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